Experiemnt 5

DATA

Table 1
	Holding Breath	Rapid Breathing
Before Challenge
Tidal volume (L)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
Initial minute ventilation (L/min)
After Challenge
Tidal volume (L)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
Minute ventilation (L/min)

Table 2–Exercise
Before Challenge
Tidal volume (L)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
Minute ventilation (L/min)
During Challenge
Tidal volume (L)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
Minute ventilation (L/min)
After Challenge
Tidal volume (L)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
Minute ventilation (L/min)

Data Analysis

1.   Describe the changes in respiratory rates, tidal volumes, and minute ventilations that occurred after each of the following physiologic challenges in terms of CO₂ levels and their effect on respiratory drive:

      (a)  breath holding

respiratory rate: went from breathing 4 breaths to breathing about 3 breaths per minute

 tidal volume: the tidal volume went down from 1.3 to .09 staying almost the same  

minute ventilations: went down

effect on respiratory drive: after a person holds their breath and then begins to breathe again, they will need to replenish their body with the oxygen it needs.

      (b)  rapid breathing

respiratory rate: from 3.3 to 5.3, inhaling more oxygen in to the body

tidal volume:  staying roughly the same from .09 to 1.1

minute ventilations:  increased greatly from .25 to 6.6

effect on respiratory drive: more oxygen taken in to the body in a short period of time

      (c) exercise respiratory rate: tidal volume: minute ventilations: effect on respiratory drive:

respiratory rate:  from 3.9 to 3.1 and back to 3.9

tidal volume:  .15 to 2.5 to .81

minute ventilations: .65 to 6 to 3.1

effect on respiratory drive:  respiratory rate decreased after exercise as the body does not need as much oxygen as it did during exercise

2.   Which challenge caused the greatest change in respiratory rate (pre-challenge vs. post challenge)? Tidal volume? Minute ventilation? Did respiratory rate or tidal volume change the most relative to its resting value?

Pre-challenge caused the greatest change in respiratory rate and tidal volume changed the most relative to its resting value.

3.   How might breathing into a paper bag help someone who is extremely anxious and hyperventilating?

It helps by restoring the carbon dioxide level back to normal.

4.   Some patients with severe emphysema have constant high levels of CO₂ because of inadequate ventilation. The central nervous system breathing center in these patients becomes insensitive to CO₂ and more dependent on the level of O₂, which is low. These patients are said to have “oxygen-dependent respiratory drive.” What might happen if you give such a person high levels of supplemental O₂?

The respiratory system wont have to work as hard along with other systems in the body.

5.   Would breathing pure O₂ help the air hunger experienced by athletes who have just completed a race? Why or why not?

Yes, breathing pure oxygen would help the air hunger because the athlete would be doing the same amount of work with his muscles as he usually does for breathing, but instead he would be breathing in a lot more oxygen than

Blood Typing

Name: Dee Robinson

Date: February 7, 2013

Analysis

Table 1

	Anti-A Serum	Anti-B Serum	Anti-Rh Serum	Blood Type
Slide 1- Mrs. Smith	cloudy	Clear	cloudy	A
Slide 2- Mr. Jones	clear	cloudy	clear	B
Slide 3- Mr. Green	cloudy	cloudy	cloudy	AB
Slide 4- Ms. Brown	clear	clear	clear	O

1)      Choose one of the following patients:

a)      Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, Mr. Green, Ms. Brown=  Mr. Brown

b)      Using the information shown in Figure 1 on Blood type and the data recorded in Table 1, What agglutinogens are present on the patient’s RBC’s? clear

c)       What ABO agglutinin(s) is/are found in the patient’s Plasma? none

d)      What is the patient’s blood type? O positive

e)      If this patient needed a transfusion, what blood type(s) could this patient safely receive? All types

f)       What blood type(s) could safely receive this patient’s blood? none

2)      Below is the information representing the blood type analysis of a new patient (patient X).  From the information obtained, fill out the medical technologist report.

A: Agglutination B: No Agglutination Rh: Agglutination

Medical technologist’s report ·         ABO Type: A ·         Rh Type: positive

3)      Compare and Contrast agglutinogens and agglutinins.  In the diagram show at least 2 similarities and 2 differences.

Agglutinogens		Agglutinins
Differences Clear and not cloudy	Similarities Both determine if blood is positive or negative.		Differences Cloudy not clear

4)      Pretend you went with your class on a medical career field trip to a local hospital.  One of the stops on the visit was to the hospital’s blood lab.  The medical technologist at this stop gave a demonstration of how blood types are determined.  Your job is to write a paragraph for the school newspaper on the visit to the blood lab, summarizing what you’ve learned about how ABO/Rh blood groups are determined.  Write a paragraph and include the title.

Blood type is determined by if blood aggulates or doesn’t. A doctor would draw a patients blood. After drawing the patients blood the doctor would go to the lab and put 3 drops of blood in 3 separte holes. The doctor would then put anti-a serum in one hole, anit-b in another and anti-Rh in the last. He would stir up the blood and serum together and see what happens to the blood. If the blood is clumby and clear and isn’t very liquidy it has aggulated. If one of the anti serums matches with the Rh then that determines the blood type. For example if the hole where the doctor inserted the anti-a serum and the hole with the anti-Rh  are both cloudy and non agglution then the blood type is A. to determin if its positive or negative you look at the Rh hole. If its agglunation/ clumpy its positive. If its not and its cloudy and liquidy its negative.

5)      List at least 3 situations where blood typing could be used.

a)      Donating blood

b)      A open heart surgery

c)       Blood doping

6)      Define Erythroblastosis Fetalis. severe anemia in newborn babies; the result of Rh incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood.

a)      Describe the sequence of events that lead to this condition. typically occurs when the child of an Rh-negative mother inherits Rh-positive blood from the father; can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis

b)      What might be some benefits if the medical profession developed a shot or vaccination that could desensitize an Rh+ situation? No more erythroblastosis fetalis

7)      You are a type A eryhthorocyte placing an ad in the personals and you are seeking a compatible mate for a long lasting transfusion.  Create an ad to be submitted to the newspaper.

I have type A erythorocyte which means I am severly amenic. Ive had it since I was a baby and I reject my mothers blood. I need someone who is opposite of my mother to supply blood for me whenever I need it.

8)      Another important diagnostic tool used by medical technologist is determining a patient’s blood cell count, for both red blood cells and white blood cells.  When this procedure is performed, one technique used is to take multiple samples and calculate the average.  This method of multiple sampling is a standard procedure in scientific and medical investigations.  Discuss why this method is important in blood typing. Being able to figure out how many red blood cells a person has because if a person is making too many red blood cells or too little both can be very dangerous and its good to have a tool that can see how many cells a person has to be able to figure out why one person has this disease or something similar to that. 

9)      Each year thousands of people contract blood borne diseases.  What could be done in a clinical blood lab to minimize the risk of obtaining or spreading a blood borne disease? When someone gets a cut they can be sure that blood doesn’t get on any one or anything and if it does it should be immediately sterilized. Also monthy a person should go into a lab and get their blood set aside for if an emergency was to occur, having to get rid of a lot of their blood cuz it is diseased, they would have amble amount if needed.

10)   In a short paragraph, identify what you think may be the next important breakthrough, milestone or discovery in the study of blood and blood diseases and explain why. Being able to make real blood. Every year americans donate tons and tons of blood to save those who need blood from either loosing a bunch of it or need extra blood when undergoing a surgery. If scientist could make real blood that a patient could use it would be the same as a person donating their and this could save money for hospitals on supplies for blood donations and such.

Experiment 1

Experiment 2

Heart Rate, Blood Pressure,
and Exercise

DATA

Table 1–Baseline Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure (mm Hg)	Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)	Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)	Pulse (bpm)
123 mm Hg	75 mm Hg	99 mm Hg	78 bpm

Table 2–Blood Pressure After Exercise
Systolic pressure (mm Hg)	Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)	Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)	Pulse (bpm)
135 mm Hg	57 mm Hg	61 mm Hg	92 bpm

Table 3–Heart Rate
Condition
Resting heart rate (bpm)	92
Maximum heart rate (bpm)	75
Recovery time (s)	2 mins

Heart rate: 131 bpm

DATA ANALYSIS

1.   Describe the trends that occurred in the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure and pulse with exercise. Assume that the stroke volume increased from 75 mL/beat to 100 mL/beat. Use this information and the change in pulse with exercise to calculate the change in cardiac output (stroke volume × heart rate) that occurred per minute.

9200-6900=2300 cardiac output that changed per minute

2.   Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic pressure (peak pressure during active contraction of the ventricles) and diastolic pressure (the pressure that is maintained even while the left ventricle is relaxing). Describe the change in pulse pressure seen with exercise. Which component of the blood pressure is most responsible for this change?

The change in pulse pressure is caused by the body attempting to pump blood to the extremities in a more rushed manner. This causes the walls of the arteries to work harder and faster, making them contract and expand more quickly and forcefully. The component of the blood pressure change would be the forceful movement of the walls of the arteries.

3.   A change in pulse pressure can be seen in a variety of medical conditions. What would you expect to happen to the pulse pressure in the following examples?

      (a)  In atherosclerosis there is a hardening of the arterial walls.

      Atherosclerosis makes pulse pressure rise because the hardening of the arterial walls causes the heart to try and pump blood faster and with higher pressure because the walls are not as malleable and flexible as before; making it harder to pump blood through the vessels.

      (b)  A damaged aortic valve does not seal properly and allows blood to flow back into the ventricle during diastole.

            Under the conditions of a damaged aortic valve, the pulse pressure would lower; the reason for this being that the blood being pushed through the valve during diastole would not have as much pressure because the chamber it is being contained in would not hold as much pressure whenever it is partially open.

4.   Normal resting heart rates range from 55−100 beats per minute. What was your/the subject’s resting heart rate? How much did your/the subject’s heart rate increase above resting rate with exercise? What percent increase was this?

The subject’s resting heart rate was 78bpm. During exercise, the subject’s heart rate raised to 92, raising by 14bpm. The heart rate increased by 18%.

5.   How does your/the subject’s maximum heart rate compare with other students in your group/class? Is this what you expected?

The subjects heart rate is lower compared with other students in our class. That was expected because our subject has larger lungs and is an athlete.

6.   Recovery time has been shown to correlate with degree of physical fitness. How does your/the subject’s recovery rate compare to that of your classmates? Is this what you expected?

The subjects recovery rate was smaller compared to that of our classmates. This was expected because our subject is an athlete and participates in athletic events often.

7.   Congestive heart failure is a condition in which the strength of contraction with each beat may be significantly reduced. For example, the ventricle may pump only half the usual volume of blood with each beat. Would you expect a person with congestive heart failure to have a faster or slower heart rate at rest? With exercise?

A person with Congestive Heart Failure would have a faster when at rest and a slower with excersies.

8.   Medications are available which can slow the heart or speed it up. If a patient complains of feeling poorly and has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute, should you administer a medicine to slow the rate?

If a patients has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute you should administer a medicine to slow the rate of the heart to a healthy 90 beats per minute.